Design Principles and Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Design Principles and Practice - Coursework Example The infant is placed inside a jogging stroller and the runner can then push or pull the stroller to carry the weight of the infant. Other than running, the jogging stroller can also be used to transport infants over commutes because the strollers are safe by design and requirement. This report examines all major design principles and practices required to create an innovative jogging stroller. Pahl and Beitz model Market Research on Existing Devices Market research indicated that myriad companies are already manufacturing jogging strollers. The current models that are available are able to satisfy most customer requirements. Generally jogging strollers are three wheeled, vary in weight from manufacturer to manufacturer and could be foldable or fixed. (Jogging Stroller, 2011) Safety is mandatory. Seating capacity could be for one or two infants who are placed either inline or abreast on the jogging stroller as per design. Moreover, the wheels on jogging strollers are roughly 18 inches in diameter. Harnesses are also included so that the runner may tie themselves into the jogging stroller. (Luff, 2011) However, other models are available that can be pushed around. The handle bars are adjustable and storage bins have been provided to store infant accessories. (Running Advisor, 2011) Standard bare bones jogging strollers (one seat version on left and two seat version on right) Market Research from Potential Users In order to ascertain the requirements of potential users, I went to parks around the campus and interviewed parents using jogging strollers. This helped to precipitate both the good points and bad points in the jogging strollers. Most users related that the three wheel design was stable enough to prevent overturning. Wheel size is also acceptable at around 18 inches. In my survey I found only a very few jogging strollers with harnesses. Those who were using harnesses were not happy with their performance as the claimed that harnesses restricted use and ca used unwanted strain. Others who did not use harnesses said that they preferred to push jogging strollers around than become cart horses. This implies that as per aesthetics people prefer jogging strollers that can be pushed around. Moreover, when people were inquired about the appearance of the jogging stroller most people believed that the bare bones jogging strollers looked ugly. Most expressed a desire to purchase better looking models. Therefore, there exists a potential to sell a slightly expensive jogging stroller if it is made beautiful enough. The desire to have more aesthetically pleasing jogging strollers was most common amongst younger mothers (20 to 30 years old). The older mothers (30 and above) were mostly indifferent to how the jogging stroller looked. Market Research (British and European Union Standards) Under British regulations both new and used prams and push chairs must adhere to BS 7409:1996 or equivalently to BS EN 1888:2003 (equivalent European standard). Th is standard is largely concerned with safety of infants in the prams and push chairs category and sets guidelines for rollover and other similar incident prevention. Another applicable standard is BS 1877-10 which specifies the various kinds of mattresses and bumpers that are used in perambulators for children. The mattresses must allow for a certain degree of softness as well as ensure circulation of air to ensure that the child is comfortable even during long walks and runs under the sun. Another important device is the safety harness in use on push chairs which is covered by BS 6684. (BSI, 2005) Furthermore, the material used to construct children’

External Environment And Organisational Culture Of Apple UK Marketing Essay

External Environment And Organisational Culture Of Apple UK Marketing Essay The aim of this report is to explain the brief history of Apple Inc and analyse the internal and external environment and organisational culture of Apple UK. The findings in this report will supported by academic models and theories. 2.0 Methodology: The internet is useful source for any kind search, the information I gathered for this report is from search engine e.g. Google, university recommended books and lecture notes. 3.0 Introduction: Environment can be defined as, the amalgamation of external physical circumstances that impinge and influence the augmentation, development and survival of creation. Therefore, the business environment would define as same, all the factors internal and external that affects its profitability and growth. It is very important for the business leader to carry out business environmental analysis to understand their business topography at present time. Apple Inc is an American company which operates in different countries in other words. This report briefly characterizes the Apple UK environmental analysis. The environmental analysis will focus on internal environment SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats) and external environment will focus on PESTEL (political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal) of Apple UK with the support of academic models and theories. The final part of this report is the assessment of Apple culture and organisational culture. 4.0 Defining the Business Environment: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantages for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. (Johnson and Scholes) Business environment means the forces or the factors that affect the business decisions. It is important for businesses to analyse those forces in order to come up with problem solving solutions. Some of those forces are out of business control e.g. political, social, economical these forces called as external forces which are out of business control. The environment which businesses have or can hold is called the internal environment. 4.1 Importance of Business Environment: History is abundant with paradigms of organisation that have failed to apprehend their operating environment, or simply fizzle to react to transform in the environment. The after-effect was gradual decay in their profitability, and hereafter they may break off to exist as a viable business. Therefore, understanding business environment is very important it brings the early assimilation of opportunities and threats that business may suffer and helps to prevent from oncoming business threats instead of losing to competitors. 4.2 Analysis of Business Environment: Environmental analysis is a precise evolution that initiate from assimilation of environmental factors, accessing their constitution and impact, analysing them to come up with their impact to the business, and accomplishing distinctive contour for positioning. Business environment can competently assay using following business environment: 4.2.1 Internal Business Environment: Internal environment reflects the internal factor of the business which organisations can control and can adapt or alter from time to time. The best way of explain internal business environment of any organisation is use of SWOT and Porters value chain analysis. 4.2.2 External Business Environment: External business environment represent the uncontrollable factors, the external factors can be analysed using PESTEL and Porters five forces. Kotler argues that PESTEL analysis is an effective strategic tool for understanding market development and decline, business position, conceivable and direction for operations. 5.0 What is Apples Inc. Apple Inc is an American intercontinental organisation with a hub on conception and fabricating consumer electronics and intimately connected software products. Entrenched in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 Apple evolves sells and supports a variety of personal computers, music players, mobile phones, and computer softwares and hardware accessories. As of November 2010, Apple operates over 300 stores worldwide and online shop where its products are sold. The Apples well known hardware products involve Macintosh for personal computers, the iPod for media players and iphone. The Apple Inc was known as Apple computers Inc for its first thirty years of business. The Apple Inc dropped computers from its name on January 9, 2007 because the Apples expansion towards consumer electronics in accessions to its core business of personal computers. Apple employs over 49,400 employees worldwide and Apples financial results for its fiscal fourth quarter ended September 25, 2010 Apple posted record revenue of $20.34 billion and net quarterly profit of $4.31 billion or $4.64 per diluted share. 5.1 Apples Inc History: Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Roland Wayne to sell its Apple I personal computers. Roland Wayne left the company on January 3, 1977 who sold his share back to Jobs and Woznaik. The Apple I personal computers were hand built by Woznaik in the common room of jobs fathers home. The Apple I was came to market at home brew computers club almost 200 computers were built and was sold as motherboard not they sell currently as full personal computers. 1989-1991 been called first golden age for apple when apple introduces its power book in 1991, the modern layout of laptop computers and the same year Apple introduces system 7 for its operating systems. Apple introduces its online store on November 10, 1997; Apple introduces its new all in one Mac computer on August 15, 1998. Apple sold almost 800,000 units of imac in first five months and holds the strong name in the market also made a good profit. Apple opened its first retail store in Virginia and California on 19 May 2001 and carry on opening new stores in United States and other countries. In later 2001 Apple introduces its music player iPod, it was a big success and sold over 100 million units in six years since it introduce. Apple introduces its first chip computer on January 10, 2006 a note book computer called Mac book pro in 2006 Apple transformed all its products into Intel chips. In 2007 Apple announced the launch of iPhone and Apple TV and the following day Apple share price hit all time high. Apple introduces its iPhone in 2007 which was big success and later updated version of Apple iphones and in 2010 Apple launched its new innovation called iPad. 5.2 Apple Inc Mission Statement: Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumer around the world through its innovative hardware, software and internet offering. 5.3 Apple Inc Vision Statement: Man is the creator of change in this world. As such he should be above systems and structures, and not subordinate to them. 6.0 Apples Inc UK Environmental Analysis: Apple Inc is the leading consumer electronic brand in United Kingdom, operating around 29 Apples retail stores and online store within UK. Apple UK environment can be analyse using internal and external environmental analysis. 6.1 Apples Inc UK Internal Environmental Analysis: Apples internal environmental analysis represents the factors which Apple has controlled over them, those factors best analyse using SWOT analysis and Porters Value chain analysis. 6.1.1 SWOT Analysis of Apples UK: SWOT analysis will focus on following factors of Apple Inc: Source: http://www.bizstrategies.biz/swot-analysis.html 6.1.1.1 Strengths of Apple Inc UK: Brand Name: Apple has well established and strong brand name among the consumer and its competitor through quality and introducing new products. Innovative: Apple is been innovative since the beginning, always come up with new ideas and products. Microsoft and Intel: Apple use to produce its own software for its product but working with Microsoft and Intel gave edge to its profitability. Research and Development: Apple has strong research and development to its competitor this is the reason apple always come up with new innovation. Financial Vitality: Apple has cash reserve continued strong and stable although the idle market shares development of computer hardware and software area. Apple achieves this by resisting market pressure to cut cost by product packaging and forming strategic agreement. Customer Loyalty and Quality: Apple has strong customer loyalty because of the quality of product that Apple provides to its customers. 6.1.1.2 Weaknesses of Apple Inc UK: High Price: Apples products are higher in price, even though many of consumers want to use Apples product but they cannot afford to buy one. Weak Relationship: Apple relationship with Microsoft and Intel is not as strong as it should be. Weak Presence in Business Area: Apple have only 29 retail store operating in United Kingdom. The Product Life Cycle: The Apples product life cycle is very small so the revenue is mostly depending on its new product or service. Less Attraction towards Corporate Customers: Apple products do not attract corporate customers. Technological Complications: Apples mostly face problems with its software and hardware. 6.1.1.3 Opportunities of Apples Inc UK: Fast Growing Industry: Apple started with personal computers, now they are selling music players, laptop computers, mobile phones, iPads and also online music store. Technological Innovation: Apple can develop strong position in market doing joint venture and Laptop computer market growth is high so it can develop new models to fulfil the need of customers. The Online Store: the e-commerce is growing rapidly, ITunes is the online store developed by Apple. Improve Warranty and Reduce Prices: Apple can improve its warranty program and reduce its product prices to challenge its competitors prices and hold a strong position in market. 6.1.1.4 Threats of Apple Inc UK: Fierce Competition: Apple has strong competition with its competitors within same industry. Economic Crisis: economic crises have negative impact on Apple sales because consumers do not spend too much in critical situations. Microsoft: Microsoft recently launched windows 7 with alluring user interface and new features which can attract Macintosh user to switch to windows. ITunes: free downloading of music and videos may affect the profitability of Apple online store. 6.1.2 Porters Value Chain Analysis of Apples UK: Source: http://www.ukeducation.org.uk/qdocsview.asp?ID=1340 The value chain approached was established by Michael Porter in his book competitive advantage in the 1980s. Michael Porter value chain analysis accommodates a series of activities found to be accepted to a wide range of organisations. Porters describe primary and supportive activities as shown in the above diagram. 6.1.2.1 The Primary Activities of Value Chain and Apple UK: Inbound Logistics: the process of acquiring and depot of raw materials and their distribution to accomplishing as they are appropriated. In case of Apple UK the inbound logistics are the new ideas, product designs, Intel chips and other required raw material. Operations: it is the process of transforming inputs into outputs and services. Apples software products are developed in US and all the hardware products e.g. computers, music players and mobile phones assembled in China. Outbound Logistics: it is the process of distributing and warehousing of products. In case of Apple products are distributed from Chine and warehoused in Apples allocated warehouse in UK. Marketing and Sales: the process of identifying customers requirement and creation of sales. When the Apple product is ready to entre in the market Apple advertise it itself showing rich features and Apple suppliers advertise it as well to generate awareness among the consumers. Service: it is the process of feedback after the products and services are sold to customer. Apple feedbacks from its customers are always good about its products and services it is because of the quality Apple provide to its customers. 6.1.2.2 The Supportive Activities of Value Chain and Apple UK: Firm Infrastructure: it focuses on the organisational culture, structure and organisational control system. Apple is an American multinational organisation its UK operation is influence by its background and consideration of consumer needs in United Kingdom. Human Resource Management: represents the recruiting of employees, development, training and compensation. Apple UK recruits the local staff and trained them about their products so they can help and satisfy Apples customers. Technology Development: the important part of any organisation it focuses on improves and new technology introduce to system it gives organisation a competitive advantage. Apple itself a technology business so keep introducing new and beneficial technology to its business. Procurement: it focuses on valuable purchase of inputs such as raw material equipment and supplies. Apple main raw material is to buy chips to produce good quality and moderate products. 6.1.3 Critical Discussion on Apple Internal Environment: SWOT and Porters value chain analysis explained the internal environment of Apple UK, hence it will help to understand the current and future position of organisation. SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities and threats) analysis of Apple shows the strength of company the factors which Apple are doing its best, weaknesses explained the factors which Apple do not provide its best, opportunity explained the factors what Apple can achieved using its resources and threats shows the factor which can damage the profitability and growth of Apple. SWOT analysis shows the strength of Apple is very strong to protect its image, the weakness Apple has they can do more research and development to overcome those weaknesses, Apple must utilise its opportunities to make its brand strong and if Apple can work on their weaknesses and opportunities its threats will be overcome or may be reduce. The Value chain analysis show the business culture and business operating system which shows that Apple Value chain is valuable because their product assembled in China with low cost and they have their UK operating system and human resource follows the required environment as in United Kingdom. 6.2 Apples Inc UK External environmental Analysis: External environment represent the factors which organisations do not have controlled over them. PESTEL and Porters five forces will best explain the Apples external environment. 6.2.1 PESTLE Analysis of Apple Inc UK: Source: http://www.marketingminefield.co.uk/marketing-plan/pestle-analysis.html Political: government type, its stability, current and future taxation policies. Apple does not have any control over it, to cope with this Apple has to change with it as in United Kingdom VAT rate is going up to 20% from 17.5% it will cause Apples product prices will go up. Economical: economical situation, inflation, interest rate and strengths of consumer spending. It will directly affect the Apple and its profit, if economical situation is bad consumer will spend less. Social: population growth rate, life style of people, culture, religion media views and perception. Apple has to consider all those things to do business and have to have with consumer needs. Technological: it represents the current and future technology, research and development and rate of technology change. Apple itself an electronic organisation so it has to keep up to date and move on to new technologies. Legal: it focuses on legislation in employment and health and safety, changes in law, trading policies and regulatory bodies. Apple has to update itself with new legal laws and change its policies according to it. Environmental: it focuses on recycling consideration, amount of pollution created by product or services, attitude to the environment from government and environmental pressure groups. Apple is electronic organisation so it has to consider its packaging that it can be recycled. 6.2.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis of Apple Inc UK: Source: http://notesdesk.com/notes/strategy/porters-five-forces-model-porters-model/ The five forces model was developed by Michael Porter in his book competitive strategy in 1980s. The model is simple but effective tool to understand business position. It is helpful to understand current competitive strategy and strength of business that it is cogitating to move into. The five factors in this model are: Supplier Power: it accommodates all the supply of inputs that are required to provide products or services. It reflects how many, and who is the supplier of the company and what is the strength of supplier and switching to different supplier will cost more, as Apples main supplier of chips are Intel. Buyer Power: it is impact the consumers have on company, when buyer power is strong the relationship of the company is called monopsony in economist term. When there are many suppliers and one buyer then the buyer set the price. Apple has many competitors they sell their products less in price than apple, the buyer threat for Apple is high. Threat of new Entrant: competition is high and every organisation wants to diverse it business so it is easier for companies to enter in new market. Apple is electronic organisation it already has many competitors around so threat of new entrant is high for Apple. Threat of Substitute: it focuses on the alternative products available in market with low price and better performance. Apple produce music players, computers, mobile phone and iPad there are many other companies which are producing same products with lower price. Competitive Rivalry: it describes the competition between the existing companies in same industry high competition result in margin, pressure on selling price. Apples products are higher in price than its competitors so threat level is high for Apple. 6.2.3 Critical Discussion on Apple Inc UK External Environment: External environments are the uncontrollable factors for any organisation. Apples external factors were analysed using PESTLE and Porters five forces. PESTLE analysis focused on political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental factors of Apple UK. However Apple does not have any controlled over them but Apple can change it with them, recently the current United Kingdom government increased VAT rate to 20% from 17.5% this will result in product prices it will go up. Apple can reduce its price to keep customers happy or offered them some incentive. Most of the organisations have pressure from environmental organisation about environment pollution Apple can produce its recycled packaging. Apple has to keep considering social and economical factors and do research and development to cope with them. Porters five forces helps to gain competitive advantage, Apple have many competitors around but it has strong brand value and name and competitive advantage from its compe titor. Apple have to keep analysing five forces of Porter and find its best place in the market and carry out more research and development to bring new ideas and innovations. 7.0 Organisational Culture: Organisational culture is the nature of the organisation. Culture is composing of the beliefs, values, norms and corporeal artefacts of organisation employees and their behaviour. Any organisational culture can be best analyse using Geert Hofstede cultural dimension. 7.1 Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions: Hofstede found five different cultural dimensions in his study of interaction between national and organisational culture. Power Distance: represent the power within the society is divided equally or unequally and what extant society accepts this power distribution. Individualism: individualism is the one side against its opposite. Individualism/ collectivism represent the people act according to self interest or the interest of group. Masculinity: masculinity against its opposite femininity represents the distribution of role between genders. Uncertainty Avoidance: it refers the member of the society requires structure and boundaries at work place. High uncertainty avoidance societies are intolerant of risk. Low uncertainty avoidance societies are where risk and anomaly widely accepted. Long-term Orientation: it refers to society accent attached to future against the present and past. In long term people appraise action and approach that affect the future and in short term people appraise action and approach that affect present and past. 7.2 Apples UK organisational Culture: Source: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_united_kingdom.shtml Apple is a multinational organisation its business structure based on country of origin. Apple United Kingdom culture based demographic and social factors of UK. Hoftede study of cultural dimension show UK is most like to be individualistic culture followed by masculinity. It shows people in United Kingdom are individualistic and there is not much difference between genders. Apples employees are more individualistic and there is not bias against any gender, therefore Apple is the successful organisation within the United Kingdom. 8.0 Recommendations: Apple has many competitors within its industry, Apple try to reduce the cost of products and maintain good quality. Apple has very less retail stores it must try to open more stores and joint venture with any big organisation will help to expand the business. Apple must continue to bring new ideas and innovation and expand its business. 9.0 Conclusion: Apple is the successful company with a strong brand name and has many competitors within same industry. Apple internal business environment was analysed by using SWOT and Porters value chain analysis. SWOT analysis focused on strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which explained Apples strength give it a strong hold against its competitors, weakness and threats would overcome by research and development, opportunities will bring more strength to organisation. Porters value chain analysed Apple business system which is valuable but they to consider it to cut the prices of its product. Apple external environment was analysed using PESTLE and Porters five forces the external factors are uncontrollable factors that Apple do not have any controlled over them but it cannot resist them but change with them effectively to maintain its growth and profitability. Organisational culture represents the nature of organisation Hofstede cultural dimension helps to analyse culture. United K ingdom is most likely to be individualistic and masculinity cultures where people work for self interest and there is not much differ in gender. Apple UK culture is suitable and acceptable for the people in United Kingdom that what make Apple is a successful organisation in the United Kingdom.

Vying For A Title :: essays research papers

Vying for a Title   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The contenders have been primped and manicured by their masters and are ready to be placed on display. The subjects with the wealthiest owners attend top-notch obedience schools where they are trained in the art of acting and appearing in a way uncharacteristic to their nature. They are rewarded with special treats when they work hard during training. The skills learned in these unique schools are not useful anywhere else, but in the competitions are judged and often given a champion prize. The contestants are paraded in, coached by their owners. Each standing tall with her head raised and nose up. Most are showing their teeth as if to be smiling or happy. Truthfully, they are showing the judges the straightness and whiteness of their teeth. Both the long-haired and short-haired have had chemicals applied to them to make certain every hair lays perfectly. The outward appearances of the participators are close to flawless. If any flaws are detected in the preparation they are quickly covered up. Trainers and owners see imperfections as point deductions. Those are deductions they can’t afford when a title and thousands of dollars are on the line. A woman moves from one contestant to the next testing them. To the last in the line of female competitors the question is asked, â€Å"If you could change the world, what would you change?† Too confidently the girl replied, â€Å"I would end world hunger and poverty.† When all she really aspires to do is win this contest and the next. This is what pageantry is about. Parents who subject their children to beauty pageants teach their children that winning these contests will bring them happiness. Is being deemed the best at being fake really anything to be happy about? Too many mommies and daddies believe so. Do the pageant parents have their own dreams about their daughters being Miss Americas? Do the participants really compete in beauty contests to better themselves or their futures? Do they have a driving force from behind the stage? Will these parents go to any extent to mold their daughters into something that might win a few of these superficial contests? â€Å"†¦Didn't the Ramseys think that putting JonBenet in all those beauty pageants, looking so seductive, was inappropriate. The child was 5. All the pictures we saw were of her looking 25 and slinking and winking.† (Schwartz) â€Å"Mrs. Ramsey said that was just the public's problem and if they thought a 5-year-old trying to look more sexy than Madonna was a bit twisted - well that just shows what twisted people we have in this country.

Happiness for Our Life

HAPPINESS for OUR LIFE WHAT IS HAPPINESS: Happiness is thought of as the good life, freedom from suffering, flourishing, well-being, joy, prosperity, and pleasure. Are you truly happy? Do you even know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness? These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves. I live my life to maintain my own happiness while trying my best to not cause unhappiness to anyone else. If you want to be happy you need to understand that you can be happy and that you should be happy.Many people make the mistake of believing that they don’t deserve happiness and accept their unhappy state as their destiny. The truth of the matter is that happiness, like anything else in life, needs to be nurtured. Two Faced I Smile When I’m Happy, I Smile more When I’m Sad FEW TIPS TO FOLLOW TO CREATE HAPPINESS IN OUR LIFE: 1. Understand what it is that will make you happy. Everyone has unique requirements for at taining happiness and what makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy. Revel in your individuality and do not worry about whether or not your desires are comparable to those of your peers. . Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. Your mood will very likely increase as your pursue your goal because you will feel better about yourself for going after something you value. 3. Surround yourself with happy people. It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way. Conversely, if you are around people who are happy their emotional state will be infectious. 4. When something goes wrong try to figure out a solution instead of wallowing in self pity.Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their favor. 5. Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy. These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continued happiness. 6. It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself. Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance you will be subconsciously putting yourself in a better mood. . Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness. While there are times that require you to be serious, when it is appropriate, find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you unhappy. 8. Maintaining your health is another way to achieve happiness. Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood. Additionally, exercise has been known to release endorphins that give you a feeling of happiness. 9. Finally, it is important to understand that you deserve happiness.Those who believe that they are not worthy of happiness may subconsciously sabotage their efforts to achieve happiness. If necessary, tell yourself each day that you deserve to be happy and remind yourself what steps you will take to achieve the happiness you desire. Happiness is hard to define but most people are aware of whether they are happy or not. Many people believe that happiness is a form of luck and that some people are destined to be happy while others are destined to be unhappy. The tips in this article are small but meaningful steps that you can take each day to lead you to true happiness. Happiness for Our Life HAPPINESS for OUR LIFE WHAT IS HAPPINESS: Happiness is thought of as the good life, freedom from suffering, flourishing, well-being, joy, prosperity, and pleasure. Are you truly happy? Do you even know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness? These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves. I live my life to maintain my own happiness while trying my best to not cause unhappiness to anyone else. If you want to be happy you need to understand that you can be happy and that you should be happy.Many people make the mistake of believing that they don’t deserve happiness and accept their unhappy state as their destiny. The truth of the matter is that happiness, like anything else in life, needs to be nurtured. Two Faced I Smile When I’m Happy, I Smile more When I’m Sad FEW TIPS TO FOLLOW TO CREATE HAPPINESS IN OUR LIFE: 1. Understand what it is that will make you happy. Everyone has unique requirements for at taining happiness and what makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy. Revel in your individuality and do not worry about whether or not your desires are comparable to those of your peers. . Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. Your mood will very likely increase as your pursue your goal because you will feel better about yourself for going after something you value. 3. Surround yourself with happy people. It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way. Conversely, if you are around people who are happy their emotional state will be infectious. 4. When something goes wrong try to figure out a solution instead of wallowing in self pity.Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their favor. 5. Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy. These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continued happiness. 6. It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself. Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance you will be subconsciously putting yourself in a better mood. . Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness. While there are times that require you to be serious, when it is appropriate, find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you unhappy. 8. Maintaining your health is another way to achieve happiness. Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood. Additionally, exercise has been known to release endorphins that give you a feeling of happiness. 9. Finally, it is important to understand that you deserve happiness.Those who believe that they are not worthy of happiness may subconsciously sabotage their efforts to achieve happiness. If necessary, tell yourself each day that you deserve to be happy and remind yourself what steps you will take to achieve the happiness you desire. Happiness is hard to define but most people are aware of whether they are happy or not. Many people believe that happiness is a form of luck and that some people are destined to be happy while others are destined to be unhappy. The tips in this article are small but meaningful steps that you can take each day to lead you to true happiness.

TNA Essays

TNA Essays TNA Essay TNA Essay TNA Introduction TNA is a process of gathering and interpreting data for identifying performance problems and suggesting solutions. ?Training needs analysis is a critical part of the training process. The TNA objective is twofold: to collect and evaluate information in order to find out what is being done now and what should be done now and later. We have no set procedure for performing a TNA, but the activities fall into three Stages (surveillance, investigation, analysis) and end with a report. The TNA concept provokes some problems within the organization, and the person sponsoring a TNA must cope with these.? (Smith Delahaye, 1998 p. 79) The fictive case scenario presented in this assignment will take place at The Slabrock Nightclub in Skien, Norway, where I actually used to work as the security manager. Some trendy nightclubs in Skien have been forced to close its doors because of failing to control crime on the premises. As a well-repudiated security consultant, I get a call from Slabrock Nightclub which have received multiple warning letters from the local authorities, threatening to revoke the club?s liquor license and operating permit. The conclusion from this call is that I am to conduct a TNA, write a report tna, bouncers, club, analysis, security, police, should, training, job, data, out, manager, management, investigation, clubs, smith, surveillance, slabrock, nightclub, need, call, being, performance, 1998, work, three, someone, serious, required, reports, plans/policies, person, patrons, organization, local

buy custom The Real Position of Power essay

buy custom The Real Position of Power essay The Prohibition era was probably one of the chaotic periods in the history of the United States. While the country was debating whether or not to do away with production, sale, and distribution of alcohol within its borders, those who had influence thought otherwise. Prohibition was officially enacted into law in early 1920 when the Eighteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution was ratified by the states (English 34). This paved the way for banning of any production, sale, and distribution of alcoholic drinks in the United States. While those who supported the enactment of the law thought its implementation was inexpensive and easy, those who held true influence on the American population had other thoughts. As the events before, during, and after the implementation would attest, the real power to influence the behavior and attitudes of American people was in the hands of a few individuals (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 90). Prior to the enactment of Prohibition laws, America had started falling into the hands of organized criminal organizations. The period saw the emergence of Italian, Jewish, and Irish mafias who not only had illegal operations running in the underworld, but also had engaged in massive secret recruitment of members into their organized criminal groups. These groups had well organized and systematic operations and structures that nobody dared question their illegality or operations (English 45). To acquire power and influence, individuals or organizations would seek the endorsement and support of the society in which they lived and operated. Sometimes this power is acquired through coercion and therefore would be termed illegitimate or may be through legitimate endorsement and support of the majority members of the society or state (Lupo 230). Irrespective of how the power is acquired, both parties would have a certain degree of influence on the daily lives of the members of the societ y. The leaders of these organizations (legitimate or not) would therefore play a big role in directing the path that the society takes (Repetto, American Mafia 67). However, the two groups can never share a common cause or goal on behalf of the society. It is common sense that the two parties will always seek to outdo each other in winning the hearts of the leaders, and thus will spend much time feuding and fighting each other. As the power battle between organized criminal groups and legitimately elected leaders during the Prohibition era will show, the real power may sometime lie in the hands of those we sometimes consider illegitimate leaders. As the United States was busy considering whether to pass laws prohibiting manufacture, sale, and even distribution of alcohol within its borders in order to stop consumption of alcoholic beverages, organized criminal organizations were busy building alliances within and outside the government. The subsequent enactment of Prohibition laws was not only a godsend opportunity for the mafia organizations to make money but also provided an opportunity for these organizations to spread their tentacles in all sectors of the American society. As noted earlier, illegal organizations operations largely depend on the support extended by the society. The mafias led by such figures as Enoch "Nucky" Johnson, Alphonse Al Capone and Lucky Luciano not only mastered this practice but also perfected it and it was ultimately their profession throughout their lives (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 96). In their wisdom, these leaders thought it was wise and expedient to compromise a few individuals in the society whom they thought were upright and legitimate leaders in different sectors of American society (Repetto, American Mafia, 97). The main targets of these mafias were the people who worked in the police and intelligent forces, legislature, and judiciary. Through blackmail, bribery, and the development of mutually dependent relationships with other legitimate leaders and businesses, members of these powerful gangs became the true wielder of power in the American society during the Prohibition era (Repetto, American Mafia 89). These groups recruited more and more members who later ultimately adopted gangster lifestyles associated with all manner of ills including drug abuse. As a result, the number of people that sought help in drug treatment centers grew rapidly. Thus, these rackets were later integrated and accepted into the lawful American society while seeking protection fr om the corrupt legislatures, law enforcement officers, and legal counsels (Lupo 230). The mafia groups in the United States emerged in early 1900 out of closely knit immigrant societies that had no trust in the American police and authorities. Majority of the members from these mafias consisted of individuals from Italian, Irish and Jewish descents. These individuals were new to the American culture and therefore found it convenient to cluster in certain neighborhoods of their own (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 96). Most Americans were wary of the new immigrants flocking their country in the early years of 20th centuries, especially the ones who had difficulties in speaking and understanding English and thus they resorted to sidelining them (Rumbarger 109). On the other hand, the immigrants felt that the intolerant and crooked American police and authorities could not be trusted to provide their neighborhoods with protection and therefore, they resorted to grouping themselves in mafia groups (Lupo 230). Just before the enactment of Prohibition laws, the influence of the mafia groups started becoming apparent to the rest of the Americans. Mafia leaders including Enoch "Nucky" Johnson, Al Capone and Lucky Luciano began exerting their influence in the American society by engaging in gambling, drug trafficking, extortion and prostitution business to generate income which would be used to silence the authorities and to recruit new members into their businesses (Repetto, American Mafia 98). While it is true that the enactment of Prohibition law provided avenues for the expansion of mafias in the United States, it is also true that the leaders of these mafias had substantive influence even before prohibition. Through their illicit trades in gambling, prostitutin, drug trafficking, and loan sharking, these gangs were able to draw a substantive profit that not only accorded them good life but was enough to buy politicians, business leaders, labor unions as well as law enforcement agencies. With their large illegally acquired incomes, the criminal leaders were able to fund individuals seeking local and national political offices with an aim of having people protect their businesses. With this kind of influence, the gangs promoted the adoption of Prohibition laws through organizations, for instance The National Temperance Council (Repetto, Bringing Down 256). As soon as the United States finally adopted the Prohibition laws in order to prohibit sale of alcohol, the American mafia leaders led by the notorious Chicago Mafioso Al Capone, Johnny Torrio, Peter Licavoli, Nucky Johnson and Lucky Luciano moved in to seize the opportunity provided by the law. According to Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney, prohibition not only offered the members of the mafias employment, good lives, new cars, and trendy suits but it also extended the overall influence of these leaders (97). In contrast to the money fetched by other racketeering business such as bookmaking, extortion, prostitution, and loan sharking, bootlegging produced too much in terms of profits. In other words, the prohibition law provided an atmosphere that could be exploited by the mafias to enrich themselves financially, fester their activities, develop new associates nationally, and expand their influence to all sectors of the society including politics (Dietche 89). It is important to note th at these mafias were operating in American society which had legitimate government and authorities entrusted with power and to control all evils. This is certainly a pointer that the real power was wielded by these organized gangs at that time. Al Capone, one of the most influential leaders of the mafia groups, was born in 1899 in Brooklyn New York. After quitting school at 6th grade, Al Capone joined a street gang led by Johnny Torrio. Other members included Lucky Luciano, who later emerged to be influential and equally notorious mafia leaders (Rumbarger 103). Al Capone first came to Chicago at the invitation of Torrio who had attained an influential position within the ranks of Colosimo mob. The groups influence in Chicago was well known even before the Eighteenth Amendment. Apart from engaging in racketeering activities such as extortion, prostitution, gambling, and drug trafficking to get easy money, Al Capone and members of his Colosimo mob also ventured into legitimate businesses. The group particularly invested in dyeing and cleaning industry which enabled them to cultivate influence with not only the government and local leaders but also with the labor unions, law enforcement agencies, and employees associates. After the Eighteenth Amendment, the gang expanded their operations to illegal production, sale, and distribution of liquor and beer (Rumbarger 114). With the help of Al Capone, Torrio invested heavily in this godsend opportunity. When the leader of the gang died in violent attack by rival gang, Torrio assumed full leadership and made Capone his right hand man. However, Torrio did not last long as the leader after being wounded in a fight with other groups. He humbly handed over to Al Capone who became one of the most feared gang leaders in the entire Chicago. He ruthlessly drove away other rival gangs out of Chicago in order to own full racketeering rights in the entire area. Al Capone and his gang were known for eliminating or nullifying the influence of other rival groups not only in Chicago but across the country as they built networks and syndicates in other major cities (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 98). Lucky Luciano had substantial influence as well in New York during the early years after the Prohibition laws were enacted into law. However, he became more influential after the arrest and subsequent detention of Al Capone in mid 1930s. The arrest of Al Capone led to the disorientation of Chicago and the disappearance of the gang members. As a result, the center of focus shifted to New York where Lucky Luciano had all the power and influence akin to that of a king. He became the boss of all bosses as he started controlling all the mafia groups around the country .He is well known for transforming the illegal businesses operated at smoky bars and backrooms into large and more profitable businesses, thanks to his clout in business and political circles (Rumbarger 117). The influence of Enoch Nucky Johnson was probably clear when he hosted a big conference in Atlantic City which resulted to the leadership of organized crimes during the Prohibition era. At the conference, were bosses of all major Italian and Jewish gangs in America whose lieutenants included such figures as Charlie Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, Frank Costello, John Torrio, and Al Capone (Lupo 88). Old bosses in the businesses as well as organized criminal groups that had Irish connections were not invited. Enoch Nucky Johnson was not only powerful but also wielded a lot of influence in business and political circles. He assured the delegation hosted at his backyard Atlantic City, that there would be no interference of law enforcement authorities. Moreover, he displayed his wealth by paying for all the entertainment, accommodation, and food charges. Johnsons promises were true since there was indeed no police interference and the delegates felt much at ease patrolling the beaches and t he gardens of the luxurious Breaker Hotel (Rumbarger 109). This made the meeting an open secret as faces of a number of prominent members appeared on the papers the following morning. As a result, various questions emerged concerning why the police and other local authorities never reacted since they were known to be the wielders of power who never compromised (Repetto, Bringing Down 312). A number of issues topped the agenda at this conference that are worth noting. These issues deal with the power and influence of the organized groups. Representation at the conference was very selective and those in attendance did not represent the face of American ethnically driven gangs. According to some historians, the fact that the conference drew attendance from only Jewish and Italian mafias was a pointer that the Irish American gangs that operated in parts of the country werre coming to an end (English 78). Issues which were discussed in the meeting revolved on how to move forward after prohibition finally came to an end and how to eliminate Irish gangs who dominated racketeering business and had a lot of influence on politics and business operations in American bigger cities. Other issues that were discussed included how to expand the illicit liquor venture in order to reap maximum profit as well as how to reorganize and consolidate the underworld business into a larger Nati onal Crime Syndicate .It is interesting to note that these criminals were planning all these in full glare of a functioning government and police force. This seems to denote that it is true that our legitimate leaders were either humbled by their connections to these crooks, or were simply out of control (Rumbarger 105). Additionally, it is also important to note that the profitability of the underworld trade in liquor and beer at the national scale fostered an atmosphere of widespread corruption within the American government, legislature, and law enforcement agencies to local leaders in most of the cities. According to Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney, the provisions of the prohibition laws were considered by most members of the public, elected leaders, and law enforcement officials to lack any substantial moral authority (99). It is believed the passage of Prohibition into law provided a perfect platform for the relationship between political figures and the organized criminal groups to stabilize .Indeed, the interconnection between these two groups was seen for a long time even after the Prohibition repealed (Repetto, American Mafia 99). It is argued that the enactment of prohibition law not only facilitated the growth of all powerful criminal organizations but also helped in consolidating power in the hands of these outlaw groups (Dietche 90). Thus, the criminal organizations illegitimately controlled and directed all sectors of the American society. While the period before enactment of prohibition also recorded a remarkable growth of racketeer activities that were equally profitable, the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment gave more power and influence to the organized crime groups in a manner that even the elected and law enforcement officials could not understand (Repetto , American Mafia 105). The law enforcement agencies and members of the Congress found themselves fighting allegations of colluding with criminal organizations to turning a blind eye on their operations in exchange of kickbacks. According to the estimates of the U.S. Attorneys Office, the dreaded Chicago criminal leader made about $105 milli on in annual income (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 102). With this amount it is believed that more than half of the Chicago police forces were on their payroll in order to protect the businesses and members of his gang. In addition, the huge profits generated by the illegal liquor business across the country found its way into American legitimate businesses owned by politician and morally upright individuals .In essence, the criminal organizations spread their influence to sectors that the society considers legitimate as their activities integrated into mainstream social and economic activities of the society (Davis 89). This discussion cannot leave out the role of politics in legitimizing criminal activities and subsequently, giving them power to control all sectors of our lives. Politicians who are legitimately authorized to exercise power have proven time and again that they can simply operate as stooges of criminal gangs and groups. The Prohibition era was no exception. As English notes, politicians and members of the Congress were at a loss on how to deal with the organized crime groups (56). It is interesting to note that while the criminal organizations of the Prohibition era were growing and engaging in illegal businesses and criminal activities, a few notable figures stood up to question the operations of these criminal gangs. Having entered into mutual relationships with these criminals to provide protection in exchange for election cash or votes, the leaders were compromised and thus, could only watch as the gangs terrorized member of the public (Davis 78). Members of the congress and other political leaders could have also been bribed and therefore sworn to silence for fear of being blackmailed. It was not until the Wickersham Commission of 1930 that the political class started suppressing the urge to be compromised by easy money, which generated from illicit business operations (English 56). However, Congresss reluctance to deal with the menace of criminal organizations continued throughout the Prohibition and even after the abolition of the prohibition laws (Repetto, American Mafia 78). Even after the prohibition laws came to an end in 1933, the criminal leaders of 1930s understood the rule of the game that, to wield power and influence, strong political connection was important and that inter-gang wars were a waste of time. Like in the previous decade, the elected leaders and law enforcement officials provided a free zone for the organized criminal groups of 1930s to manifest and diverse their businesses which now included gambling, prostitution, drug trafficking as well as labor racketeering (Fopiano, Fopiano, and Harney 102). Conclusion It can be argued that the true owners of power and influence are not those in authority or power. It can rightly be put that majority of those who are in position of power are sometimes compromised to do against the wishes and expectation of the majority. This is caused by one major factor which is greed. As the events of the Prohibition era have indicated, even in democratic societies, power and influence can be exercised by illegitimate bodies and organizations which tend to control and dictate the events and activities in the society. Legitimately elected and appointed leaders and bodies may sometimes fail to provide leadership by simply abdicating their powers to other illegal bodies that control and dictate how they work. Therefore, in the eyes of the public the real wielder of power and influence are those in position of power and authority; however, this is not always the case as illegal groups may equally wield power and influence by simply controlling the pockets of the elec ted leaders. It therefore asks the question, is money a key determinant of where true power rests? Buy custom The Real Position of Power essay

The law should be changed in order that compensation for personal Essay

The law should be changed in order that compensation for personal injury accidents is not based on the proof of fault - Essay Example There are three types of damages available under the tort law i.e. nominal, compensatory and punitive damages. Nominal damages are a symbolic reward and are awarded to the plaintiff where no actual harm is proven but liability for a tort is established. Punitive damages are awarded to punish and discourage egregious behavior. These are mostly awarded when a tort is proven to be committed with malice. The compensatory damages are awarded as indemnification for personal injury, property or an economic harm sustained by the victim. Compensatory damages have been under great criticism and are a topic of constant debate as there is no monetary equivalent for mental distress and pain. The â€Å"proof of fault† is an important element of tort law. It is an issue that requires attention and review. Before discussing it in detail, some problems of the law of tort are briefly discussed because the change in the system of â€Å"proof of fault† might be able to do away with these p roblems too. One of the major problems is that of lack of adequate damages. It is justifiable to award damages in respect of an economic loss because it is calculable. But there is no scale on which damages for pain and suffering can be calculated. It is probably due to this fact that the Courts award huge sums as damages in such cases. But these damages become excessive liabilities on the defendants. In Young v. Glasgow Tramway and Omnibus Company (Limited)3, the claimant was granted such damages which seemed excessive to the defendant. His motion for a new trial was denied and it was held that the damages were not excessive. In this case, Lord President Inglis explained that in order to grant a new trial for excessive damages, it must be established that the damages awarded are so extravagant that no other jury would repeat it.4 This was not the case here. In this case, it is very difficult for a third party to determine whether justice is served or not because there is no scale w hich can make a pecuniary measurement of the pain and suffering of a person. Cooter and Porat discussed the issue as to what should be the procedure of measuring the compensation for negligence by doctors and drivers.5 According to them, the Courts often follow a system of probability and percentage. The probability pertains to the probability that harm might be caused. The types of potential harms caused by the two parties are very different from each other as there is a contractual relationship between the doctors and patients and there is no such relation between the drivers and the victims. According to Cooter and Porat, there is a need to bring externalities into consideration while determining the amount of compensation. There is a possibility that there may be some externalities that prevent the defendants from the performance of their duty to care. The